Antibiotic Resistance
- Within a bacterial population, there is variation caused by mutations (as occurs in populations of all species)
- A chance mutation might cause some bacteria to become resistant to an antibiotic (eg. penicillin)
- When the population is treated with this antibiotic, the resistant bacteria do not die
- This means the resistant bacteria can continue to reproduce with less competition from the non-resistant bacteria, which are now dead
- Therefore the genes for antibiotic resistance are passed on with a much greater frequency to the next generation
- As bacteria only have one copy of each gene, a mutant gene will have an immediate effect on any bacterium possessing it
- Over time, the whole population of bacteria becomes antibiotic-resistant because the antibiotic-resistant bacteria are best suited to their environment
- This is an example of evolution by natural selection
- Some pathogenic bacteria have become resistant to penicillin as they have acquired genes that code for the production of the enzyme β-lactamase (also known as penicillinase), which breaks down penicillin
Bacteria evolve rapidly as they reproduce quickly and acquire random mutations – some of which confer resistance
The future of antibiotic resistance
- Antibiotic-resistant strains are a major problem in human medicine
- New resistant strains are constantly emerging due to the overuse of antibiotics
- By using antibiotics frequently, humans exert a selective pressure on the bacteria, which supports the evolution of antibiotic resistance
- Scientists are trying hard to find new antibiotics that bacteria have not yet been exposed to, but this process is expensive and time-consuming
- Some strains of bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), can be resistant to multiple antibiotics and they create infections and diseases which are very difficult to treat
- When antibiotics were discovered, scientists thought they would be able to eradicate bacterial infections, but less than a century later a future is being imagined where many bacterial infections cannot be treated with current medicines
Measures to avoid antibiotic resistance
- Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an example of natural selection that humans have helped to develop through incorrect use or overuse of antibiotics
- Implementation of certain measures can help to avoid antibiotic resistance. These measures may include:
- Avoiding prescription of antibiotics for non-serious or non-bacterial infections
- Completing the full prescribed course of antibiotics to ensure the infection is completely cleared
- Maintaining high standards of hygiene in the hospital environment
- Minimising use of antibiotics for routine treatment to animals in agriculture
- Development of new types of antibiotic