From Models to Materials (HL IB Chemistry)

The type of bonding and percentage ionic / covalent character of binary compounds can be deduced using triangular bonding diagrams.

Complete the table by calculating Σχ and Δχ for the given compounds.

Use section 9 of the data booklet.

Use data from sections 9 and 17 of the data booklet to percentage covalent character and bonding type in the following compounds:

Deduce the chemical that is found in the bottom left of a triangular bonding diagram by using sections 9 and 17 of the data booklet.

Poly(phenylethene) is widely used as a polymer for many purposes such as packaging. The structure of poly(phenylethene) is shown below. 

Terylene was one of the first man-made polymers produced to be used as fibres for clothing. The structures of the two monomers used to make Terylene are shown below. 

Explain why poly(phenylethene) drawn in part (a) is less reactive than Terylene described in part (b).

Kevlar is a polymer that is known for its use in bulletproof vests. Part of the structure of a Kevlar molecule is shown below. 

Draw the structural formulae of the monomers used to form Kevlar. 

Nomex is a condensation polymer related to Kevlar which is used to make the flame-resistant body suits worn by racing drivers. 

The repeating unit of a Nomex molecule is shown below. 

Substances A, B and C are located in the bonding triangle as shown.

Suggest, giving a reason, a physical property that substances A and B would have in common.

Use the bonding triangle and section 17 of the data booklet.

Substance A is an alloy containing a Group 1 metal and a Group 2 metal.

Identify the constituent metals in substance A, giving a reason.

Use the bonding triangle in (a) and section 9 of the data booklet.

Silicon tetrachloride is used to produce high purity silicon and silica for commercial applications. 

Explain whether silicon tetrachloride has a higher boiling point than substance C.

Use the bonding triangle in (a) and sections 9 and 17 of the data booklet.

Nylon-6,6 and nylon-6,12 are two condensation polymers made from hexane-1,6-diamine and another monomer.

Draw the skeletal formula of the other monomer that could be used to make nylon-6,12

Suggest why nylon-6,12 has a lower melting point and lower strength than nylon-6,6.

Another type of nylon is nylon-6. Suggest how it is possible to make nylon-6 and draw the repeat unit.

Sections of the polymer chain for nylon-6,6 and nylon-6,12 are shown below.

Complete the table by adding information about the repeat units. 

The structure shows a section of a polymer found in some plastics.

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, shown in Figure 2, was one of the first plasticisers used to soften polychloroethene from the rigid plastic used for drain pipes and guttering to its more flexible version used in clingfilm.

Figure 2

Explain how this plasticiser softens polychloroethene.

The structure of bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate is shown. 

It was one of the first plasticisers used to soften polyvinyl chloride from the rigid plastic used for drain pipes and guttering to its more flexible version used in clingfilm.

Name the chemicals used to make bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate.

Explain why the chemicals, identified in (c), that are used to make bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate cannot form a condensation polymer.