Chemical Kinetics (DP IB Chemistry: HL)

In any chemical reaction, the particles will all be moving around in different directions, at different speeds, with different amounts of energy.

A Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is a graph which shows the distribution of energy amongst particles within a chemical reaction. 

Figure 1 below shows the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution in a sample of a gas at a fixed temperature, T₁. 

Figure 1

State why a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve always starts at the origin and what the area under the curve represents.

Chemical reactions take place at different speeds. For a chemical reaction to take place, particles must collide with each other in the correct orientation and with sufficient energy. 

Give one reason why a reaction may be slow at room temperature.

State the meaning of the term rate of reaction.

A group of students were completing a practical, investigating the factors which affect the rate of the chemical reaction shown below. 

A (s) + B (aq) → C (g)

The students collected the gas produced and plotted the graph shown in Figure 1. 

Figure 1

Explain why the gradient of the curve in part (b) decreases as the time of the reaction progresses.

Another way to increase the rate of reaction is to increase the temperature. 

Explain why a small increase in temperature has a large effect on the initial rate of a chemical reaction.  

The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen is a very slow chemical reaction. 

Write the equation for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.

The rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide can be found by collecting and measuring the volume of gas formed at specific time intervals.

The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is a slow reaction, so a catalyst is often added to speed up the rate of the reaction. Catalysts are used in many chemical reactions to increase the rate.

The following shows a two-step reaction mechanism of a chemical reaction, where a catalyst, X is used. 

STEP 1:                                  W + X  →  Y + Z

STEP 2:                                  Y + W → Z + A + X

OVERALL REACTION:         2W → 2Z + A

Give a reason, other than the rate of reaction increasing, why it can be deduced from the three equations above that X is a catalyst.

The graph shown below represents the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.

Figure 1

The graph starts to level out as the reaction slows down.

State why the rate of the reaction slows down over time.  

During the following reaction, A and B react together to produce C. 

A  +  2B  ⇌  C

Figure 1 shows the production of C over time.   

Figure 1

In the reaction in part (a), large pieces of A were used.

Use collision theory to explain what would happen to the rate of the reaction if powdered A was used instead of large pieces.

In a different reaction, gaseous W and X were added together to produce Y and Z as shown in the equation below:

2W (g)  +  X (g)  →  Y (g)  + 2Z (g)

A catalyst was added to speed up the rate of reaction. 

Some changes were made individually to the experiment completed in part (c). 

Consider your Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve from part (c). For each of the changes in parts (i), (ii) and (iii) below, state and explain the effect that the change would have on:

• The area under the curve 
• The value of the most probable energy of the molecules (E_mp) 
• The proportion of molecules with energy greater than or equal to E_a
  

Iodine reacts with propanone in an acid catalyzed reaction, according to reaction equation below.  

CH₃COCH₃ (aq) + I₂ (aq) → CH₃COCH₂I (aq) + H⁺ (aq) + I^- (aq)

Suggest how the change in concentration of iodine could be used to determine the rate of the above reaction.  

A group of students completed the iodination of propanone reaction using the same acid catalyst, but with different concentrations. The results achieved are shown in the table below:

Table 1

Use the table to state and explain the relationship between the concentration of acid used in the reaction and the rate.

Sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid will react together readily, as shown by the equation below:

Na₂S₂O₃  +  2HCl  →  2NaCl  +  S  +  SO₂  +  H₂O

This reaction is often referred to as the ‘disappearing cross’ experiment. The cross disappears when viewed from above because the solution turns cloudy as a sulfur precipitate is formed, covering the cross.  

Figure 1

The speed of the reaction can be increased, by raising the temperature of the sodium thiosulfate solution in the reaction. The thiosulfate solution is heated to different temperatures before the acid is added, and the time it takes for the cross to disappear is recorded. The times can then be compared.

Suggest one reason why the value for the rate of reaction when a higher temperature was used may be less accurate than at a lower temperature.

Collision theory can be used to explain why different factors affect the rate of a chemical reaction.

Describe collision theory.

A group of students planned how to investigate the effect of changing the concentration of H₂SO₄ on the initial rate of reaction with magnesium: 

Mg (s) + H₂SO₄ (aq) MgSO₄ (aq) + H₂ (g) 

They decided to measure how long the reaction took to complete when similar masses of magnesium were added to acid. 

Two methods were suggested:

Method 1 - Use small pieces of magnesium ribbon, an excess of acid and record the time taken for the magnesium ribbon to disappear

Method 2 - Use large strips of magnesium ribbon, an excess of magnesium and record the time taken for bubbles to stop forming 

Deduce, giving a reason, which of method 1 and method 2 would be the least affected if the masses of magnesium ribbon used varied slightly between each experiment.

Neither method in part a) actually allows the initial rate to be calculated. Outline a method that would allow the calculation of initial rate.

The reaction is to be conducted across a few weeks.

State a factor that has a significant effect on reaction rate, which could vary between experiments across the weeks and therefore needs to be controlled.

One group collected the following data using 1.50 mol dm^-3 acid:

Trial	Time/ s ( 0.01 s)
1	91.56
2	98.33
3	72.08
4	89.41

When investigating the reaction between sulfuric acid and calcium carbonate, it was observed that a small increase of temperature of around 10 ^oC caused a doubling in the rate of the reaction.

Sketch and label Maxwell-Boltzmann curve for the two temperatures T and T+10, and use this diagram to help to explain this effect of temperature on rate.

Identify and explain another factor that affects the number of particles present in a solution with sufficient energy to react.

Some groups investigating the effect of temperature on rate stirred their reactions, some did not.

Explain the effect of stirring upon the rate of the reaction.

0.5 g of magnesium reacts with 50 cm³ of 0.01 moldm^-3 nitric acid. Magnesium is in excess.

A graph monitoring the volume of hydrogen gas produced is shown below:

Compare the expected rate and progress of the reaction if 25 cm³ of 0.2 mol dm^-3 nitric acid was used instead of 50 cm³ of 0.1 mol dm^-3 nitric acid.

Suggest one change to the reaction that could be made to produce more hydrogen gas in total and explain your choice.

Suggest why it is often better to study a slower reaction instead of a faster one.

The following energy profile diagram shows the pathways for both a catalysed and uncatalysed reversible reaction:

Identify the letter(s) representing the activation energy for the catalysed reverse reaction.

State and explain the effect that this catalyst will have on the equilibrium yield.

Vehicles with combustion engines usually have catalytic convertors added to catalyse the oxidation of carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide and to catalyse the reduction of nitrogen oxides to nitrogen. These catalysts are usually rhodium or platinum.

Leaded fuels were phased out as they were found to poison these catalysts, binding irreversibly to the metal surface.

Explain the problems for drivers of the catalysts being poisoned.

Suggest a situation in which using a catalyst would not be appropriate.