Definition & Characteristics
- Common pool (access) resources are those that are non-excludable but rivalrous in consumption
- Non-excludable means that anyone can access these resources without having to pay for them
- This usually occurs because no one owns the resource (no private ownership)
- This usually occurs because no one owns the resource (no private ownership)
- Rivalrous means that these resources can be used up
- As one individual or firm uses them, it reduces the opportunity for others to use them
- They are finite in supply
- The tragedy of the commons (as explained by Garret Hardin in 1968) occurs when common pool resources are used in production in an unsustainable way
- This creates negative externalities of production
- The external costs of production often include pollution, environmental damage and resource depletion which prevents future generations from benefitting in the same way
- Typical examples of common pool resources include
- Ocean fishing (especially in international waters)
- Communal grazing land
- Water sources such as rivers
- Natural forests and rainforests