An Explanation of Quotas
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- A quota is a physical limit on imports e.g. in June 2022 the UK extended its quota on steel imports for a further two years in order to protect employment in the domestic steel industry
- This limit is usually set below the free market level of imports
- As cheaper imports are limited, a quota raises the market price
- As cheaper imports are limited a quota may create shortages
- Some domestic firms benefit as they are able to supply more due to the lower level of imports
- This may increase the level of employment for domestic firms
A quota on steel imports reduces the equilibrium quantity from Q4 → Q3 and raises the market price from Pw → Pq
Diagram Analysis
- The initial market equilibrium is at PwQ4
- Domestic firms supply up to Q1 and Q4-Q1 is imported
- Domestic firms supply up to Q1 and Q4-Q1 is imported
- To support the domestic steel industry, the UK government limits the amount of imports by instituting a quota
- The domestic supply curve (Sd) shifts to the right by the size of the quota (Q2-Q1)
- Where this curve crosses the domestic demand curve (Dd) it forms the new market equilibrium at PqQ3
- The quota has raised prices and reduced total output from Q4→Q3
- Domestic producers supply up to Q1 PLUS Q3-Q2
- Foreign producers supply Q2-Q1 (the quota)
- Once governments announce the quota level, the market automatically prices in the reduced output
- This means that each unit of output is sold at the quota price (Pq)
- Both domestic producers and foreign producers receive a higher price for their steel
- A quota is a physical limit on imports e.g. in June 2022 the UK extended its quota on steel imports for a further two years in order to protect employment in the domestic steel industry
Examiner Tip
One of the main reasons that the quota diagram is confusing is because it appears that domestic producers supply up to Q1, then take a holiday while the imports flood in until Q2 is reached, after which they continue to supply up until Q3. This is not how it works in reality.
- The government announces the quota for the next 12 months
- The market factors in the reduced supply and a new market price is established
- Even while domestic firms are selling their products, importers continue to import the foreign product for as long as there i any quota allowance left
- The government keeps track of the level of imports and once the quota level is reached, they will not allow any more imports of that product to enter the country