IBEnvironmental Systems & Societies (ESS)HLRevision Notes9. Environmental Law9.2 Legal Frameworks & GovernanceEnvironmental Constitutionalism

Environmental Constitutionalism (HL IB Environmental Systems & Societies (ESS))

Revision Note

Alistair Marjot

Expertise

Biology & Environmental Systems and Societies

Environmental Constitutionalism

  • Environmental constitutionalism refers to the inclusion of environmental principles, rights and responsibilities in a nation's constitution

    • This means that the constitution recognises the importance of protecting the environment and ensures that citizens have the right to a healthy environment

Growth of environmental constitutionalism

  • Internationally, there is a growing trend of nations incorporating environmental rights and duties into their constitutions

    • More countries are addressing environmental issues via their constitutions, especially concerning climate change

  • Some examples include:

    • The Indian Constitution includes provisions for environmental protection, recognising the duty of citizens to protect and improve the natural environment

    • The Ecuadorian Constitution, adopted in 2008, was one of the first in the world to recognise the rights of nature, granting legal rights to ecosystems to exist, regenerate, and evolve. This innovative approach has influenced environmental discourse globally

    • The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, adopted in 1996, recognises the right to a healthy environment as a basic human right and places a fundamental duty on the state to protect and preserve the environment

Case Study

Article 24 – Right to a Healthy Environment

  • Enshrined within the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa is Article 24, which guarantees citizens the right to an environment that is not harmful to their health and well-being

    • This demonstrates the country's commitment to environmental protection and sustainability

State obligations and legislative measures:

  • In addition to safeguarding individual rights, the constitution imposes a duty on the state to take reasonable legislative measures to protect and improve the environment

    • This includes forming and implementing comprehensive environmental policies and regulations aimed at mitigating environmental degradation and promoting sustainable development

Impact on environmental governance:

  • The recognition of environmental rights by the constitution has had a significant impact on environmental governance in South Africa

    • It has facilitated the development of strong environmental laws and policies addressing various aspects of environmental protection, including air and water quality, biodiversity conservation, waste management, and land use planning

Challenges:

  • Lack of clarity in defining "sufficient water" has led to uncertainty and challenges in establishing clear standards for water allocation

  • Inadequate enforcement mechanisms result in violations of the right to water, especially in rural and marginalised communities

    • These challenges can hinder the provision of water and sanitation services to these citizens

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Alistair Marjot

Author: Alistair Marjot

Alistair graduated from Oxford University with a degree in Biological Sciences. He has taught GCSE/IGCSE Biology, as well as Biology and Environmental Systems & Societies for the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme. While teaching in Oxford, Alistair completed his MA Education as Head of Department for Environmental Systems & Societies. Alistair has continued to pursue his interests in ecology and environmental science, recently gaining an MSc in Wildlife Biology & Conservation with Edinburgh Napier University.