Syllabus Edition
First teaching 2015
Last exams 2025
Sustainability of Terrestrial Food Production Systems
Written by: Alistair Marjot
Reviewed by: Bridgette Barrett
Sustainability of Terrestrial Food Production Systems
Sustainability in terrestrial food production systems is a complex challenge influenced by various factors, including scale, industrialisation, fossil fuel use, seed and livestock choices, water management, fertiliser use, pest control, pollinators, antibiotics, government policies, and the balance between commercial and subsistence food production
It is crucial to understand the implications of these factors for developing strategies that promote resilient, environmentally-friendly, and socially equitable food systems
By examining each factor in detail, it is possible to gain insights into the complexities and opportunities involved in creating sustainable terrestrial food production systems
Photo by Kenny Eliason on UnsplashÂ
Organic farming may be more sustainable than industrial farming, but yields can be compromised
Scale
The scale of food production systems plays a crucial role in their sustainability:
Large-scale industrial agriculture tends to rely heavily on intensive practices that can have negative environmental impacts, making them unsustainable
On the other hand, smaller-scale and localised food production systems often prioritise sustainable practices such as organic farming, biodiversity conservation, and reduced resource consumption
Industrialisation and Mechanisation
The industrialisation and mechanisation of food production have led to increased efficiency and higher yields
However, these practices can also contribute to environmental degradation, soil erosion, and habitat destruction
Balancing the benefits of mechanisation with sustainable practices is essential for long-term food system sustainability
Fossil Fuel Use
The reliance on fossil fuels for transportation, machinery, and the production of synthetic fertilisers has significant implications for the sustainability of food production
The combustion of fossil fuels contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change
Transitioning to renewable energy sources and promoting energy-efficient practices can help reduce the carbon footprint of food production
Photo by Melissa Askew on UnsplashÂ
Monocultures and genetically uniform crops such as wheat can lead to increased vulnerability to pests, diseases, and crop failure
Seed/Crop/Livestock Choices
The selection of seeds, crops, and livestock breeds affects the sustainability of food production systems
Diversifying crop varieties, promoting seeds of indigenous species, and supporting resilient livestock breeds can enhance the long-term sustainability and resilience of food systems
Water Use
Efficient water management is critical for sustainable food production
Excessive irrigation can deplete water resources and degrade aquatic ecosystems
Implementation of water-saving technologies, optimisation of irrigation practices, and promotion water-conserving crop varieties can help mitigate water scarcity issues and improve the sustainability of food production systems
Fertilisers
The use of synthetic fertilisers in agriculture can lead to nutrient runoff, water pollution, and soil degradation
Sustainable nutrient management practices, such as organic fertilisers, cover cropping, and crop rotation, can reduce reliance on synthetic fertilisers and promote soil health
Pest Control
Traditional pest control methods often rely on chemical pesticides, which can have adverse effects on ecosystems and, in some cases, human health
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approaches that combine various pest control methods, such as biological control, crop rotation, and cultural practices, can minimise the use of chemical pesticides and promote ecological balance
Photo by David Clode on UnsplashÂ
Pollinators, such as bees and butterflies, play a crucial role in food production
Pollinators
Ensuring the conservation of pollinators through habitat preservation, reduced pesticide use, and diversified agricultural landscapes is vital for sustainable food systems
Antibiotics
In livestock production, the overuse of antibiotics can lead to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, potentially posing risks to human health
Implementing responsible antibiotic use practices, promoting animal welfare, and exploring alternative disease management strategies, can support sustainable livestock production
Government Policy and Legislation
Government policies and legislation greatly influence the sustainability of food production systems
Supportive policies that incentivise sustainable practices, protect natural resources, promote biodiversity, and ensure fair trade can contribute to a more sustainable food system
Commercial vs. Subsistence Food Production
Balancing commercial food production with subsistence agriculture is essential for food security and sustainability
Prioritising local food systems, supporting small-scale farmers, and reducing dependence on global commodity markets can enhance food sovereignty, promote resilient communities, and reduce the ecological footprint of food production
All of the factors outlined above interact in complex ways, and addressing them collectively is crucial for achieving sustainable terrestrial food production systems that balance environmental stewardship, social equity, and economic viability
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