Flows in Remittances (HL IB Geography)
Revision Note
Pattern of Global Remittances
Remittances have increased from $126 billion in 2000 to $702 billion in 2020 and $794 billion in 2022
In 2022, the top five remittance-receiving countries were [in millions (M) of US dollars]:
India: $100, 000M
Mexico: $60,300M
China: $51,000M
Philippines: $38,000M
Egypt, Arab Rep.: $32,337M
Low- and middle-income countries rely heavily on remittances to improve their economies
Although India is the country benefiting the most from remittances, the $100 billion received provided just 2.9% of its 2022 GDP
Tonga's main economy is tourism, but inward remittances of $250M amounted to 50% of its 2022 GDP
Lebanon boosted its shrinking economy through $6.8 billion in remittances in 2022, estimated to be almost 38% of its GDP
The United States continues to be the top remittance-sending country, with a total outflow of $68 billion in 2020
Despite predictions of a decline due to COVID-19, 2020 saw only a slight drop (2.4%) from the 2019 global total
The actual size of the flow of global remittances is hard to estimate because of unrecorded flows of money through formal or informal channels
Examiner Tip
Remember that remittances do not always flow from HICs to LICs. The flow of remittances is dependent on where the economic migrant is working. For instance, there are many Indian economic migrants working in Dubai, UAE, which is a high-income economy.
Impacts of Remittances
The advantage of remittances compared to other financial help is that remittances go directly to the family
Remittances provide direct financial support to families, helping them afford basic necessities and stay above the poverty line
Remittances allow investments in education, health, and entrepreneurship, which contributes to long-term poverty reduction
Remittances are used to improve housing and sewerage services
During economic downturns or disasters, remittances help prevent vulnerable populations from falling into poverty
The inflow of remittances has indirect multiplier effects on the local economy, stimulating growth and development
In some countries, remittances make-up a considerable portion of GDP, influencing economic stability
However, in some cases, remittances can lead to inequality within communities
The transfer of remittances from one country to another can be expensive and some money transfer companies charge the sender and receiver
In some countries, wages have been withheld by the employer and/or returned to the government, as was the case from the UAE to North Korea
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