1. Foundation

1.1 Perspectives

Worldviews & Environmental Perspectives

Factors Influencing Perspectives

The Environmental Movement

Values & Environmental Perspectives

1.2 Systems

The Systems Approach

Types of Systems

Models

Stable Equilibrium & Feedback Mechanisms

Tipping Points & Resilience

1.3 Sustainability

Introduction to Sustainability

Sustainable Development

Environmental Justice

Sustainability Frameworks & Models

Sustainability Indicators

Citizen Science

Alternative Economic Models

2. Ecology

2.1 Individuals, Populations, Communities & Ecosystems

Human Populations

Studying Populations

Factors Affecting Populations

Ecosystem Functioning & Sustainability

Introduction to Ecological Systems

Classification & Taxonomic Tools

Population Growth

Classification (HL)

Fundamental & Realised Niches (HL)

Life Cycles (HL)

2.2 Energy & Biomass in Ecosystems

Energy Flow in Ecosystems

Photosynthesis

Food Webs

Ecological Pyramids

Human Impacts on Energy & Matter Flows

Respiration

Productivity & Biomass

Trophic Levels & Food Chains

Energy Losses in Food Chains

Autotrophs & Heterotrophs (HL)

Primary & Secondary Productivity (HL)

Sustainable Yield (HL)

Ecological Efficiency (HL)

2.3 Biogeochemical Cycles

Carbon Cycle

Human Impacts on the Carbon Cycle

Biogeochemical Cycles

Reducing Human Impacts on the Carbon Cycle

2.4 Climate & Biomes

Weather & Climate

Biomes

Atmospheric Circulation & Ocean Currents

2.5 Zonation, Succession & Change in Ecosystems

Zonation

Succession

Resilience & Stability of Ecosystems

3. Biodiversity & Conservation

3.1 Biodiversity & Evolution

Biodiversity & Resilience

Evolutionary Processes

Assessing Biodiversity

Biodiversity Management

3.2 Human Impact on Biodiversity

Threats to Biodiversity

Assessing Conservation Status

Conservation Case Studies

Tragedy of the Commons

3.3 Conservation & Regeneration

Preserving Biodiversity

Habitat Management & Designing Protected Areas

Conservation Strategies

Rewilding

Biodiversity Planetary Boundary

Conservation Perspectives

4. Water

4.1 Water Systems

Hydrological Cycle

Human Impacts on the Hydrological Cycle

4.2 Water Access, Use & Security

Factors Affecting Water Availability

Strategies for Increasing Water Supply

Addressing Water Scarcity

4.3 Aquatic Food Production Systems

Aquatic Food Webs

Human Consumption & Increasing Demand

Unsustainable Harvesting Practices & Overexploitation

Mitigation Strategies

Climate Change & Ocean Acidification

Aquaculture

4.4 Water Pollution

Sources of Water Pollution

Plastic Pollution

Monitoring & Assessing Water Quality

Eutrophication

Water Pollution Management Strategies

5. Land

5.1 Soil

Components & Structure of Soil Systems

Soil Profiles

Functions & Properties of Soils

5.2 Agriculture & Food

Land Use & Agricultural Systems

Traditional & Modern Agricultural Practices

Soil Conservation

Food Security

Sustainability of Food Production Systems

6. Atmosphere & Climate Change

6.1 Introduction to the Atmosphere

Atmospheric Composition & Function

The Greenhouse Effect

6.2 Climate Change Causes & Impacts

Impacts of Climate Change on Ecosystems

Impacts of Climate Change on Societies

Atmospheric Processes Affecting Climate

Causes of Climate Change

6.3 Climate Change Mitigation & Adaptation

Global Action & Decarbonisation

Climate Change Mitigation

Climate Change Adaptation

6.4 Stratospheric Ozone

UV Radiation

The Montreal Protocol

Stratospheric Ozone

7. Natural Resources

7.1 Natural Resources Uses & Management

Resource Sustainability

Natural Capital & Natural Income

The Value of Natural Capital

Resource Security & Choices

7.2 Energy Sources Uses & Management

Energy Sources & Sustainability

Energy Storage & Conservation

Energy Consumption & Choices

7.3 Solid Waste

Introduction to Waste

Environmental & Social Impacts of Waste

Waste Management

Waste Disposal

8. Human Populations & Urban Systems

8.1 Human Populations

Human Population Dynamics

Managing Human Population Growth

Population Composition & Modelling

8.2 Urban Systems & Urban Planning

Urban Areas

Urbanisation

Urban Expansion

Urban Planning

8.3 Urban Air Pollution

Causes of Urban Air Pollution

Air Pollution Management Strategies

Acid Rain

9. Environmental Law

9.1 Introduction to Environmental Law

Environmental Justice & Challenges

Definition & Purpose of Environmental Law

9.2 Legal Frameworks & Governance

Environmental Constitutionalism

Levels of Environmental Law

International Law & Cooperation

9.3 Application & Enforcement of Environmental Law

Strengthening Environmental Protection

Integrating Legal & Economic Strategies

Judicial Examination of Environmental Law

10. Environmental Economics

10.1 Introduction to Environmental Economics

Definition & Purpose of Environmental Economics

10.2 Market Failures & Solutions

Market Failures & Solutions

Greenwashing & Tragedy of the Commons

10.3 Environmental Accounting & Valuation

Environmental Accounting & Valuation

10.4 Economic Growth & Impacts

Economic Growth

Environmental Impacts of Economic Growth

10.5 Ecological Economics

Ecological Economics

Alternative Economic Models

11. Environmental Ethics

11.1 Introduction to Environmental Ethics

Definition & Purpose of Environmental Ethics

11.2 Ethical Frameworks

Ethical Frameworks

Instrumental & Intrinsic Value

11.3 Ethical Approaches

Virtue Ethics

Rights-Based Ethics

Consequentialist Ethics

11.4 Environmental & Social Justice Movements

Environmental & Social Justice Movements